JOHN D. AND CATHERINE T. MACARTHUR FOUNDATION

OLYMPUS opened an institutional file on the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation because its name sits under both columns of the ledger this archive keeps. It funds the Partnership on AI, the AI Now Institute and the Humanity AI pool, it is one of three grantors named for the research behind the Yale Law Journal’s account of Facebook’s Oversight Board, and it also funds the Knight First Amendment Institute that litigates against government pressure on platforms. An institution has no Big Five and no Dark Triad, and the unit does not invent them; what a foundation has is an endowment, a board, a grants database and a list of fields it decided to pay for. MacArthur publishes that list grant by grant, which makes it the easiest funder in the apparatus to read and the hardest to summarize. The finding is the position, not any single grant. The numbers in the front matter are reach, funding insulation and entrenchment, and none of them is a judgment of the people who run it.

Institutional Archetype

THE FUNDER OF THE OVERSIGHT LAYER — Subject is a private grantmaking foundation whose own program page states its technology goal as “Strengthening oversight and innovation in the governance of artificial intelligence,” and whose grants run to the groups that evaluate AI, the groups that study platforms and the groups that sue over both (MacArthur Foundation, Technology in the Public Interest). This profile scores the institution’s position, not its trustees.

The archetype is the funder that pays for the checking. A foundation of this kind has no product to sell and no rule to enforce; what it has is a standing budget line for oversight, and the grants database shows the line reaching in three directions at once. It pays AI evaluators and governance bodies: the Partnership on AI, the AI Now Institute, Data & Society, Stanford’s Trustworthy AI Research. It pays the platform-research layer: the Berkman Klein Center, the Integrity Institute, the Christchurch Call Foundation, a legal-defense fund for internet researchers. And it pays the critics of that layer’s neighbors: the Knight First Amendment Institute, which in December 2023 told the Supreme Court it supported neither side in the case about government pressure on platforms. The archetype does not claim the three streams are coordinated. It records that one board approved all of them, and that the board’s chair and president also sit, or sat, on the boards of the other money on the table.

Mandate & Origin

The foundation dates its founding documents to 18 October 1970; John D. MacArthur founded it, and its first board included Catherine T. MacArthur, the attorney William T. Kirby (whose idea it was), Roderick MacArthur, the radio commentator Paul Harvey and Louis Feil. John D. MacArthur left the choices to the board. In its history page’s words he said, “I made the money; you guys will have to figure out what to do with it.” He died on 6 January 1978, the foundation took over assets it estimates at $1 billion and made its first two grants, $50,000 each, to Amnesty International and the California League of Cities; since 1978 it reports grants “totaling more than $9.19 billion” in the United States and about 119 countries (MacArthur Foundation, Our History). Its headquarters is 140 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, and its stated aim is “We are committed to building a more just, verdant, and peaceful world” (MacArthur Foundation, About).

The technology chapter. The Technology in the Public Interest program is a Field Support program, and its page counts “247 Grants $70.5M Invested 114 Organizations since 2017” (the foundation’s own program page, read 24 October 2026). The Partnership on AI was its first large AI-governance grantee: $1,000,000 in 2017, then $5,000 in 2019 for an ethics event at the NeurIPS conference, $800,000 in 2020, $750,000 in 2022 and $750,000 in 2025, a total of $3,305,000 across five grants, all under that program (MacArthur Foundation, Partnership on AI grantee page). The 2017 grant text says “The award supports the organization’s general operations”; the 2025 one reads “This award supports PAI’s general operations.” See Partnership on AI.

The AI Opportunity chapter. The foundation’s newest Big Bet is AI Opportunity, whose page says it aims to expand “who creates, uses, and benefits from artificial intelligence” and states “Future generations must be able to see themselves in a world shaped by AI”; the page says the program is still developing its strategy and is not accepting unsolicited proposals (MacArthur Foundation, AI Opportunity).

The Humanity AI chapter. On 14 October 2025 ten funders announced Humanity AI, a $500 million five-year initiative for AI that serves people, with priority areas of democracy, education, humanities and culture, labor and economy, and security. The ten are the Doris Duke, Ford, Lumina, Kapor, MacArthur, Mellon, Mozilla, Omidyar, Packard and Siegel foundations; Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors is fiscal sponsor and manages the pooled fund. MacArthur’s president said in it: “The stakes are too high to defer decisions to a handful of companies and leaders within them” (MacArthur Foundation, Humanity AI release). On 12 February 2026 MacArthur announced $10 million of aligned grantmaking for the coalition: $2 million each to the AI Now Institute (national security and AI), the Brookings Institution’s AI and Emerging Technologies Initiative and the London School of Economics (a global forum on AI and social science), $1 million each to New America and the Pulitzer Center’s AI Accountability Network and to the Washington Center for Equitable Growth, and $500,000 each to Data & Society and the Human Rights Data Analysis Group (MacArthur Foundation, $10 million for Humanity AI).

Funding & Backers

The money, from its own filing and its own page. The foundation’s Form 990-PF for 2024 shows revenue of $890,851,721, expenses of $414,659,854, total assets of $9,311,570,852, net assets of $8,650,796,551 and “charitable disbursements” of $423,815,311, which is about 4.6 percent of year-end assets (our arithmetic); contributions received are $0, and the filing lists compensation of officers of $5,378,666 (ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, Form 990-PF, tax year 2024, filed 12 November 2025). The foundation’s own payout page uses a different yardstick: charitable spending in 2025 “estimated at $647 million or a rate of 7.1 percent,” after a commitment to pay out at least 6 percent in 2025 and 2026 that it extended on 2 September 2026 to 6 percent for 2027 and 2028, with the target reverting to 5.25 percent after that and any further extension requiring “new Board action”; its president wrote “This was always our floor, never our ceiling” (MacArthur Foundation, Increasing Our Charitable Giving Through 2028).

Who pays MacArthur. Nobody outside the endowment. John D. MacArthur’s estate, which the foundation puts at about $1 billion in 1978, is the donor; there is no donor roll. The filing lists the investment staff who run the portfolio: Susan E. Manske (Vice President and Chief Investment Officer, $2,512,127), Mark Franke, Caixia Ziegler, Buck Betten, Eric Vaang and David Greenwald (managing directors) beside John G. Palfrey (Director and President, $1,113,955), Joshua J. Mintz (Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary) and Kenneth M. Jones II (Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer) (ProPublica). The filing is the place to read what the endowment owns; this file did not open the schedule of investments.

Where the AI, platform-research and journalism money went, from the grants database.

• Partnership on AI. $3,305,000 across five grants, 2017 to 2025, all general operating support or a conference event (MacArthur grantee page).
• The AI Now Institute. $1,500,000 over four years and three months in 2017, paid through New York University “in support of the AI Now Institute,” then $2,000,000 over three years in 2025 for general operations, with $300,000 for one year paid through Aspiration in the same year (MacArthur grantee page, AI Now Institute).
• Data & Society. Fourteen grants totalling $4,760,000 from 2014 to 2024, of which $1,400,000 over three years was approved in 2024 and $900,000 in 2020, plus $20,000 in 2021 and $35,000 in 2023 for conferences of the Platform Governance Research Network (MacArthur grantee page, Data & Society).
• The Berkman Klein Center at Harvard. Twenty-two grants totalling $15,992,000 from 2003 to 2023, the latest $2,650,000 over five years, approved in 2023 under Technology in the Public Interest (MacArthur grantee page, Berkman Klein Center).
• The Knight First Amendment Institute. Four grants totalling $2,900,000: $400,000 in 2017, $750,000 in 2020, $750,000 in 2024 and $1,000,000 in 2025, the 2017, 2020 and 2024 awards under Technology in the Public Interest. The 2024 grant’s text calls it “general operating support to the organization,” describing an institute that “defends the freedoms of speech and the press in the digital age through research, strategic litigation, policy advocacy, and public education” (MacArthur grantee page, Knight First Amendment Institute). See John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, which co-created the Institute.
• The Integrity Institute and the Christchurch Call Foundation. $400,000 over two years in 2023 for the Integrity Institute, “composed of integrity professionals” who are “technology workers with experience addressing and mitigating harms” inside platforms; $1,000,000 over two years in 2024 for the foundation that coordinates the Christchurch Call “to eliminate terrorist and violent extremist content online,” a body whose community, per the grant text, includes more than 50 governments and dozens of technology companies (MacArthur grantee page, Integrity Institute; MacArthur grantee page, Christchurch Call Foundation).
• A legal fund for researchers. $150,000 over two years in 2023, under Technology in the Public Interest, to the Miami Foundation for the Internet and Platform Researcher First Amendment Support Fund, which “facilitates legal support for researchers at universities, research institutes, and charitable organizations who are seeking legal advice concerning First Amendment-protected research about the internet and digital platforms” (MacArthur grantee page, Miami Foundation).
• Disinformation-monitoring grants. The Media Democracy Fund’s Disinformation Defense League, paid through New Venture Fund: $350,000 in 2021, $600,000 in 2022 and $500,000 in 2024, alongside $400,000 in 2023, $600,000 in 2019 and $300,000 in 2017 to the Dangerous Speech Project and $500,000 in 2020 to the Algorithmic Justice League; the Shorenstein Center at Harvard, $200,000 (2020) and $800,000 (2021) for its Technology and Social Change work on disinformation, then $600,000 in 2026 for the Center; Wayne State University’s VERDAD project to monitor radio disinformation, $500,000 over three years in 2026 (MacArthur grantee page, New Venture Fund; MacArthur grantee page, Shorenstein Center; MacArthur grantee page, Wayne State University).
• Security and policy think tanks. The Brookings Institution, $2,000,000 for its AI and Emerging Technology Initiative and $500,000 for its Center for Technology Innovation (both 2025); the Council on Foreign Relations, $600,000 over two years in 2024 for its technology initiative; the Aspen Institute, $50,000 in 2024 for Aspen Digital events that inform the media about technology and national security with a focus on AI (MacArthur grantee page, Brookings; MacArthur grantee page, Council on Foreign Relations; MacArthur grantee page, Aspen Institute). See Aspen Institute.
• Research on platform governance by individuals and labs. The Citizens and Technology Lab at Cornell, $300,000 in 2020 and $900,000 over three years and six months in 2022 (MacArthur grantee page, Cornell; see J. Nathan Matias); St. John’s University’s Intellectual Property Law Center, $20,000 in 2019 for “research and related publications about the ways in which technology companies govern their private platforms and how it impacts freedom of expression” and $30,000 in 2023 for research on the EU’s Digital Services and Digital Markets Acts and generative AI (MacArthur grantee page, St. John’s). Neither grant page names an individual; for the funding of the Oversight Board research see Kate Klonick and the Yale Law Journal acknowledgment under Position in the Apparatus.
• Journalism. The Press Forward pooled fund, to which MacArthur contributed $57,500,000 over three years in 2023 through the Miami Foundation, with a further $12,500,000 in 2025 and $1,000,000 in 2024 for an international pooled fund through Press Forward (MacArthur grantee page, Miami Foundation); the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, $300,000 in 2024 for its AI Spotlight Series and $1,000,000 in 2025 (MacArthur grantee page, Pulitzer Center); Tech Policy Press, $300,000 in 2024 and $600,000 in 2026 (MacArthur grantee page, Tech Policy Press).

Institutional Voice & Intent

The register is the foundation’s house style: first person plural, institutional humility, a taste for the word “people-centered.” The Humanity AI release has its president saying “The stakes are too high to defer decisions to a handful of companies and leaders within them” (MacArthur Foundation, 14 Oct 2025), and the February 2026 grants release has him adding “It is essential that philanthropy resource organizations to help shape AI governance” (MacArthur Foundation, 12 Feb 2026). On local news, announcing Press Forward in September 2023, he said “We have a moment to support the reimagination, revitalization, and rapid development of local news” (MacArthur Foundation, Press Forward release). On payout, in September 2026: “This was always our floor, never our ceiling” (MacArthur Foundation, Perspectives).

Stated alignment: AI should be governed with democratic oversight, evaluation and accountability, and philanthropy should pay independent organizations to do it. Observed alignment: A single endowment paying the evaluators, the platform-research centers, the legal defenders of that research and the institute that litigates on speech and technology, plus the journalism fund for local news. Gap assessment: The foundation publishes every grant, its payout target and its board. What it does not publish is the list of proposals declined, and the record cannot settle whether any grantee’s agenda bent toward the funder’s. The file does not assert it. For a funder it never needs to: the position is the selection.

Stated intent: Strengthen oversight of AI, widen who benefits from it and keep local news alive. Observed intent: Pay for the checking in every layer: the groups that evaluate AI, the groups that study platforms and the institute that litigates on speech and technology, so that the argument about AI governance has a MacArthur grantee in each part of it.

Interest. The documented position is that AI governance should be built and checked by independent institutions that philanthropy funds. What adoption pays: a governance regime produced by civil society, universities and think tanks is produced by the organizations on the foundation’s grant list, and the foundation’s own AI Opportunity page says it will contribute to the Humanity AI coalition. The grantees overlap with the evaluators and trust-and-safety bodies profiled here (see Partnership on AI, Hewlett Foundation, ROOST). The foundation’s own best case, in its president’s words, is that the stakes are too high to leave AI to “a handful of companies and leaders within them,” so independent funders should pay for the check. Other factions gain from the same rule: the evaluators and forums on the grant list (the Partnership on AI, AI Now, Brookings), whose work the program pays for, and the critics of the apparatus, whose institute is on the grant list too. The convergence is the finding rather than a charge, and none of those ties requires any of the others to be improper.

• Social accounts and feeds. The foundation’s own About page links X (@macfound, x.com/macfound), Threads (@macfound), LinkedIn (macarthur-foundation), Facebook (macarthurfdn), Instagram (macfound) and YouTube (macfound) (MacArthur Foundation, About). No RSS feed was found: the paths /rss and /feed return an error page. Its news is at macfound.org/press.

Position in the Apparatus

• The funder of the AI-governance forum. MacArthur’s own grant record shows $3,305,000 to the Partnership on AI across five grants, 2017 to 2025. Each of the five grants is general operating support or a conference event (MacArthur grantee page). See Partnership on AI.
• The funder of the Oversight Board research. The Yale Law Journal’s feature on the Facebook Oversight Board, by Kate Klonick, says the project “was funded entirely by, individual research grants from the Knight Foundation, Charles Koch Foundation, and MacArthur Foundation,” and adds “I have never accepted any payment, funding, or support from Facebook” (Yale Law Journal, 30 June 2020). Her CV lists “Principal Investigator & Individual Grant Recipient” lines for the Knight Foundation and the MacArthur Foundation, 2019 to 2025, and the Charles Koch Institute, 2019 to 2022 (Klonick CV, 19 Aug 2025).
• A board chair and a president from the same two houses as the other funder. John G. Palfrey, named president on 5 March 2019, was at that date Head of School at Phillips Academy Andover (since 2012), chairman of the board of the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation “since 2014” (a board he joined in 2011), and from 2002 to 2008 executive director of the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society (MacArthur Foundation, Palfrey named president). Knight’s own announcement of his successor as chair says he became MacArthur’s president on 1 September 2019 and “will remain on Knight’s board” (Knight Foundation, Borges elected chair, 10 Sep 2019). Martha Minow, board chair from June 2022 to June 2025, was at the time of her election a Harvard professor and “a director of the Berkman Klein Center” (MacArthur Foundation, Minow elected chair, 17 Mar 2022). MacArthur approved a $2,650,000 five-year grant to the Berkman Klein Center in 2023. The file states the dates side by side and asserts nothing about how the grant was decided.
• The Knight Institute funder, with the Institute’s founder. MacArthur has granted the Knight First Amendment Institute $2,900,000 since 2017; the Institute was created by Columbia University and the Knight Foundation in 2016 (MacArthur grantee page; Knight Institute, About).
• The journalism co-donor. MacArthur and Knight were two of the 22 donors in the Press Forward announcement of 7 September 2023, with the Hewlett Foundation, the Ford Foundation, Carnegie Corporation of New York and others; the Miami Foundation is fiscal sponsor (MacArthur Foundation, Press Forward release).
• The AI Now wing. The grants to the AI Now Institute (2017, 2025, and $2,000,000 of the February 2026 Humanity AI-aligned set for national security and AI work) make MacArthur a funder of that group across nine years.

Actions & Leadership Choices

Founding purpose. John D. MacArthur’s estate, directed to a board with no instructions beyond “figure out what to do with it.” The standing choice is the long program: pick a field, fund it for a decade, publish every grant.

• It chose to pay for AI governance before it was a field (2017). The $1,000,000 PAI grant of 2017 and the $1,500,000 AI Now grant the same year preceded the program’s current count of 247 grants and $70.5 million (MacArthur Foundation, Technology in the Public Interest).
• It funded the Knight Institute through three litigation eras. The first grant (2017) came the year after the Institute was created; the latest (2025) came the year before the Institute filed Coalition for Independent Technology Research v. Rubio on 9 March 2026, a challenge to a visa policy that targets noncitizen researchers, advocates, fact-checkers and trust and safety workers; the court stayed the policy on 14 July 2026 (Knight Institute, CITR v. Rubio). See John S. and James L. Knight Foundation for the Institute’s other cases, including its amicus brief in Murthy v. Missouri.
• It funded the Dangerous Speech Project and the Disinformation Defense League. The Dangerous Speech Project, a New Venture Fund project that studies speech that precedes violence, received $300,000 (2017), $600,000 (2019) and $400,000 (2023), and the Disinformation Defense League, “a distributed national network of more than 230 community-based organizations,” received $350,000, $600,000 and $500,000 across 2021, 2022 and 2024, according to the grantee page and the grants database (MacArthur grantee page, New Venture Fund).
• It put $10 million into the Humanity AI pool’s first grants (February 2026). Eight grantees, named with amounts in the release, among them the AI Now Institute, Brookings, the LSE, Data & Society and the Pulitzer Center (MacArthur Foundation, 12 Feb 2026). On 12 May 2026 Humanity AI announced $18 million in inaugural grants, which MacArthur posted under its AI Opportunity program (MacArthur Foundation, Humanity AI grants).
• It raised its payout (September 2026). Six percent for 2027 and 2028, about $190 million in additional charitable payout over 2027 and 2028 relative to its baseline, assuming projected investment returns, by the foundation’s own projection (MacArthur Foundation, Perspectives, 2 Sep 2026).

Leadership choices. The president is John G. Palfrey, named on 5 March 2019 as the foundation’s sixth president, who had been Berkman Klein’s executive director and Knight’s board chairman. The board chair from June 2025 is Juan Salgado, Chancellor of the City Colleges of Chicago, a director since 2020, Class C Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and board member of the Obama Foundation, elected on 31 March 2025 to succeed Minow (MacArthur Foundation, Salgado elected chair). The 2024 filing lists Minow as board chair and the trustees Juan Salgado, Paul Klingenstein, Lillian Constance Jen, Cecilia Munoz, Sendhil Mullainathan, Stephanie K. Bell-Rose, Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, Ruth J. Simmons, Amy Falls, Julie T. Katzman, William F. Lee, James Manyika (through March 2024) and Alondra Nelson (ProPublica, Form 990-PF). Three trustees elected in June 2024 are Alondra Nelson, the Institute for Advanced Study professor who had been “Deputy Assistant to President Joe Biden” and acting director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (2021 to 2023); William F. Lee, WilmerHale partner and earlier associate counsel to the Iran-Contra Independent Counsel; and Amy C. Falls, Northwestern University’s chief investment officer (MacArthur Foundation, Three leaders join board, 12 Jun 2024). Mariko Silver (Lincoln Center president; earlier acting assistant secretary at the Department of Homeland Security) and Megan Bang (Northwestern; earlier at the University of Washington) were elected in June 2025 (MacArthur Foundation, Two leaders elected, 16 Jun 2025).

Convergent drives. Self-preservation: Perpetual endowment, board-approved payout rules, legal independence from any donor. Goal preservation: An AI-governance field that stays philanthropy-shaped, with independent evaluators and litigators in the room. Resource acquisition: None needed beyond investment returns; its 2024 revenue was $890,851,721 with no contributions. Self-improvement: From PAI in 2017 to a $500 million coalition and a Big Bet on AI Opportunity in 2025 and 2026.

Subject is not an AI system. The drives appear anyway.

CONDUCT: DISCLOSED GRANTMAKER — EVERY GRANT PUBLISHED, SHARED SEATS NOT RECONCILED. The foundation publishes a searchable grants database with purpose text, its Form 990-PF, its board and its payout commitments. The record does not show what was declined, who else shaped the strategy, or how the foundation treats the fact that its president and a past chair came from the boards of the other funders and grantees in the same field. Disclosure names the funding; it does not remove the overlap.

Alliance Map

These run at the same time. The funder of the evaluators of AI also funds the legal-defense fund for the people who research platforms, the institute that litigates on government pressure on platforms, the disinformation-monitoring networks the flagging apparatus works alongside, and the journalism pool for local news, while its president, when named, was chair of the board of a co-funder of the same field. The overlap is the finding.

Reach Assessment

Institutional: High. One endowment of about $9.3 billion pays across the layers that overlap in this archive: the AI-governance forum, the AI Now Institute, the Berkman Klein Center, the Knight Institute and the Press Forward pool. The foundation’s reach is the salary and the introduction, not the order, and it is one of ten funders behind a $500 million five-year coalition.

Memetic: High. The reports, briefs and seminars of its grantees are cited by governments, companies and courts, and the foundation’s name sits in the grant line, not on the findings. A funder that pays the platform-research layer and the legal defenders of that research pays for the vocabulary the argument is conducted in.

Civilizational: Moderate. MacArthur does not build models, write refusal policy or enforce rules. It chooses which of AI’s governance problems will have an institution working on them for the next five years. The hazard is the position, not the people: a perpetual, donor-free endowment whose president and a past chair came from the boards of the other money in the field. The score holds at 78 beside the Hewlett Foundation (6/9/9, 78), the Gates Foundation (6/9/9, 80) and Open Philanthropy (8/8/9, 80): the same reach and insulation as Hewlett, with a smaller endowment ($9.3 billion against $14.2 billion) offset by a larger pooled AI commitment ($500 million coalition against a $100 million initiative), and two points under Gates, whose global health reach is wider.

Score basis. Atk 6 is reach: the program page counts “247 Grants $70.5M Invested 114 Organizations since 2017” and states the goal as “Strengthening oversight and innovation in the governance of artificial intelligence”; nothing obliges anyone to act on a MacArthur grant, which is why it stays at 6 (MacArthur Foundation, Technology in the Public Interest). Def 9 is funding insulation: the Form 990-PF shows revenue of $890,851,721, total assets of $9,311,570,852 and no contributions received for 2024; no platform, government or other funder pays it, and the point under 10 is a board answerable to no outside body (ProPublica, Form 990-PF). Hp 9 is entrenchment: a 1970 charter, more than $9.19 billion in grants since 1978 and a payout commitment extended through 2028 (MacArthur Foundation, Our History; MacArthur Foundation, Perspectives).

Sources: MacArthur Foundation, Technology in the Public Interest; MacArthur Foundation, Our History; MacArthur Foundation, About; MacArthur Foundation, Humanity AI (14 Oct 2025); MacArthur Foundation, $10 million for Humanity AI (12 Feb 2026); MacArthur Foundation, Humanity AI grants (12 May 2026); MacArthur Foundation, AI Opportunity; MacArthur Foundation, Increasing Our Charitable Giving Through 2028 (2 Sep 2026); MacArthur Foundation, Palfrey named president (5 Mar 2019); MacArthur Foundation, Minow elected chair (17 Mar 2022); MacArthur Foundation, Salgado elected chair (31 Mar 2025); MacArthur Foundation, Three leaders join board (12 Jun 2024); MacArthur Foundation, Two leaders elected (16 Jun 2025); MacArthur Foundation, Press Forward (7 Sep 2023); ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, John D & Catherine T Macarthur Foundation; MacArthur grantee page, Partnership on AI; MacArthur grantee page, Knight First Amendment Institute; MacArthur grantee page, Berkman Klein Center; MacArthur grantee page, Miami Foundation; MacArthur grantee page, New Venture Fund; Yale Law Journal, The Facebook Oversight Board; Knight Foundation, Borges elected chair (10 Sep 2019).

Further sources: MacArthur grantee page, AI Now Institute; MacArthur grantee page, Data & Society; MacArthur grantee page, Integrity Institute; MacArthur grantee page, Christchurch Call Foundation; MacArthur grantee page, Institute for Strategic Dialogue; MacArthur grantee page, Shorenstein Center; MacArthur grantee page, Wayne State University; MacArthur grantee page, Brookings; MacArthur grantee page, Council on Foreign Relations; MacArthur grantee page, Aspen Institute; MacArthur grantee page, Pulitzer Center; MacArthur grantee page, Tech Policy Press; MacArthur grantee page, Cornell; MacArthur grantee page, St. John’s; MacArthur grantee page, Citizen Lab; Knight Institute, About; Knight Institute, CITR v. Rubio; Klonick CV.